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Related Topics:
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There are many reasons behind it like
below:
1)
Disintegrations
in Culture, Politics and Economies
2)
Political
and Economic Exploitation
3)
Political
and military ambition of the then West Pakistanis
4)
Lack
of trust
5)
Mentality
of the west Pakistanis
 |
| Map of Pakistan (1947-1971) Map collected from Wikipedia.org |
In
1947, the British India had been divided into two countries based on two
nations’ theory. One part became “India”, the secular one and other part
emerged as “Pakistan”, based on the religion of Islam. The distance of
the two wings (provinces) of Pakistan was huge, more than 1,500 km and India
being lain down between those two wings. Geographically unshaped and
discontented, Pakistan emerged as a sovereign country in the region based on
the sentiment of Islam. The majority people of Pakistan were Muslims (85.9% in
1951)1 in belief and other portion mainly of
Hindus.
Muslims
were afraid to be merged into the overwhelmingly majority of Hindus in India.
The Hindus were the most progressive in all spheres of the state, they were
mostly highly educated, cultural and advanced in economic conditions than those
of Muslims. Hence, they (under the leadership of Muslim League) demanded
separate sovereign country for the Muslim majority portion and the result of
that was Pakistan.
 |
| Mohammad Ali Zinnah The founder of Pakistan |
But
from the very beginning, the West Pakistani establishment tried to exploit
Bengalis in every sector of the state. They adopted the policy to dominate them
in politics as well as in economic sector too. So, the dream of the Bengali
nation in the eastern part of Pakistan, were faded out rapidly. Firstly, they
got shocked in the name of state language, Mohammad Ali Jinnah declared in
Dhaka in 1948 that Urdu would be the only state language for Pakistan, though
the majority were the Bengali (56.40% in 1951)2 and their language,
culture and literature were too strong and rich in the region. On 21
February 1952, Pakistan police shot down some agitators in Dhaka while they
were demanding ‘Bangla’ as the state language along with Urdu. This incidence
turned Bengali to the Bengali nationalism. Thus the political disintegration had been
started in Pakistan.
 |
| Sheikh Mujibur Rahman The founder of Bangladesh |
The
economic policy was the total violation of parity in the provinces. The West
Pakistani establishment adopted the policy to exploit the Bengali in
distribution of budget, foreign aid, grants, loans and state revenue in the
development sectors and they grabbed major portion of the financial flow for
the west. Their adopted policy was so much tricky and exploiting type in
character that the Bengali had started to demand their equality in the form of
autonomy by expressing the Six
Points demand under the leadership of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. The
following 3 tables (Table-1 - 3) have been revealed the actual scenarios of the economic
exploitation by the West Pakistani establishment.
Table-1: Distribution of central government's
revenue expenditure,
1947-1948 to 1960-1961 (Note: 1 crore =10 million).
Sector
|
East
Pakistan
|
West Pakistan
|
Unallocable
|
|||
Rs.
In
Crore
|
%of
Total
|
Rs. In
Crore
|
%of
Total
|
Rs. In
Crore
|
%of
Total
|
|
Revenue expenditure including working expenses of commercial departments
|
269.00
|
12%
|
995.00
|
45%
|
952.00
|
43%
|
Revenue expenditure excluding working expenses of commercial
departments
|
86.00
|
5%
|
616.00
|
34%
|
1,138.00
|
61%
|
Source: "Pakistan: failure in national
integration" by Rounaq Jahan, p. 34. (Adapted from East Pakistan, Planning Department, Economic Disparities Between East
and West Pakistan (1963), p. 17).
The most of the un-allocable portion of the
Government revenue had been used in the west wing and for the Army of Pakistan.
Table-2: Central government development outlay,
1947-48 to 1960-1961
Sector
|
East Pakistan
|
West Pakistan
|
||
Total
(Rs. in
Crore)
|
Per
Capita
(Rs.)
|
Total
(Rs. in
Crore)
|
Per
Capita
(Rs.)
|
|
Investment
|
172.00
|
38.00
|
430.00
|
117.00
|
Loans
|
184.00
|
40.00
|
224.00
|
61.00
|
Grants-in-aid
|
76.00
|
15.00
|
101.00
|
28.00
|
Source: "Pakistan: failure in national
integration" by Rounaq Jahan, p. 34 (Adapted from East Pakistan, Planning
Department, Economic Disparities Between East and West Pakistan (1963). P.18.
Table-3: Foreign aid and loans 1947-48 to June 30, 1960
Sector
|
East Pakistan
|
West Pakistan
|
Center
|
Total
|
|||
Rs. In
Crore
|
% of
Total
|
Rs. In
Crore
|
% of
Total
|
Rs. In
Crore
|
% of
Total
|
Rs. In
Crore
|
|
Foreign Development
aid
|
93.89
|
17%
|
335.22
|
62%
|
113.03
|
21%
|
542.14
|
U.S. commodity aid
|
129.00
|
30%
|
262.00
|
64%
|
18.00
|
6%
|
409.00
|
Source: "Pakistan: failure in national
integration" by Rounaq Jahan, p. 35 (Adapted from East Pakistan, Planning
Department, Economic Disparities Between East and West Pakistan (1963), p. 21)
The
'center portion' of the above table (table-3) had been spent mainly for the
west wing of Pakistan.
In the
political sector, Bengalis were neglected by the West Pakistani establishment.
Though the Bengalis were the majority population in Pakistan, political power
remained firmly in the hands of West Pakistanis. But according to the
straightforward system of representation based on population, the political
power would have been concentrated in East Pakistan. After the assassination of
Pakistan’s first Prime Minister, Liaquat Ali Khan in 1951, Pakistan army was
getting stronger and stronger to grab the power.
Another
alarming thing had been noticed to the East Pakistanis that whenever one of
them, such as Khawja Nazimuddin, Mohammad Ali Bogra,
or Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy was elected as Prime Minister of
Pakistan, he were swiftly deposed by the largely West Pakistani establishment.
The military dictatorships of Ayub Khan and Yahya Khan, both West Pakistanis,
only widen the fear feelings of the East Pakistanis.
 |
| Gen. Ayub Khan The introducer of so-called "Basic Democracy" in Pakistan |
The
basic democracy of Ayub Khan (27 October 1958 – 25 March 1969) was nothing
but a trick to establish the military regime (which was dominated by the West
Pakistanis) on strong feet in Pakistan and naturally, East Pakistanis could not
accept that doctrine in heart and soul. Rather they saw it as an effort to
produce some agents or touts in the society to strengthen the hands of the
military regimes in Pakistan. In the Liberation War of Bangladesh, 1971 the leaders of Muslim League and Jamat-e-Islam proved themselves as the die-hard supporters of Pakistan Army and their establishment. They directly took part in the mass killings of the civilians, mass destruction of the infra-structures of East Pakistan (Bangladesh), plundering, raping on behalf of the Pakistan's brutal army.
Actually
Ayub Khan, like other West Pakistani establishment, did not believe in
democracy and they knew that, if democracy prevailed in Pakistan, the political
power would be in the hand of East Pakistanis. In that context, the Awami
League produced their most popular “Six
Points” demand in front of the people
to establish a separate economy and administration (almost full autonomy) for
the East Pakistan.
In that
period, the military regime banded the songs of Rabindranath Tagor, the most
respected poet and literate of Bengali nation, in the state-owned media (Radio
and TV), which actually made the gap widen between East Pakistanis and West Pakistanis.
The
representation of East Pakistanis in the military sector in Pakistan was also
very poor. The West Pakistanis controlled the power of recruitment in the army
and they did not want to create better positions for the East Pakistanis. The
table-4 & 5 showed the poor representation figure of the East Pakistani in
Pakistan military.
Table-4: East
Pakistani representation in the military establishment, 1963 (percentage of
total)
Sector
|
Commissioned
Officers
|
Junior
Commissioned
Officers
|
Warrant Officers
|
Other Ranks
|
Army
|
5%
|
7.40%
|
-
|
7.4%
|
Air
Force
|
17%
|
-
|
13.20%
|
28.0%
|
Branch Officers
|
Chief Petty Officers
|
Petty Officers
|
Leading Seamen and below
|
|
Navy
|
5%
|
10.4%
|
17.3%
|
28.8%
|
Source: Pakistan, National Assembly, Debates,
March 8, 1963. PP. 30-31 (from the book “Pakistan: failure of national
integration” by Rounaq Jahan, University Press Limited, pp. 62).
Table-5:
Military elite in Pakistan, July 1955 (no. of officers).
Service
|
East Pakistan
|
West Pakistan
|
Army
|
14
|
894
|
Navy
|
7
|
593
|
Air
Force
|
60
|
640
|
Source: Dawn (Karachi). Adapted from the book of Rounaq Jahan, “Pakistan: failure of national integration” University Press
Limited, pp. 25).
In the
administrative sector, the representation of East Pakistan was poor too. The
below table (table-6) shows the actual figures of the representation in the
Administrative sector of East Pakistan.
Table-6:
East-West representation in the higher ranks of the Central Secretary, 1955.
Rank
|
East Pakistan
|
West Pakistan
|
East
% of Total
|
Secretary
|
--
|
19
|
--
|
Joint
Secretary
|
3
|
38
|
7.3%
|
Deputy
Secretary
|
10
|
123
|
7.5%
|
Undersecretary
|
38
|
510
|
7.0%
|
Source: "Pakistan: failure in national
integration" by Rounaq Jahan, p. 26 (Adapted from:
‘Pakistan,
Constituent Assembly, Debates’. Vol.I, January 17, 1956. P. 1844)
The
exploiters (West Pakistanis) never believed the East Pakistanis at all and they
acted as colonialist and by hook or by crook, they tried to keep East Pakistan
just as their colony.
The
situation further deteriorated after the general election of 1970. In that
election, Awami League won the fresh majority and became eligible to form the
Government in Pakistan. But the Pakistani military authority and their political
leaders, like Zulfikar Ali Bhutto denied to allow them to form the government.
National Council
Election, 1970
The
election was held on 7 December 1970. The total voters were 29,479,386 and the
casting votes were 17,005,163 (57.68%), the valid casting votes were
16,454,278.
The summary of the National Council Election, 1970 [3]
Sl.
No.
|
Political Party
|
Total
candidates
|
Seats
captured
|
Percentage
of total
casting
vote
|
1
|
Awami League
|
162
|
160
|
74.9%
|
2
|
PDP
|
79
|
1
|
2.9%
|
3
|
Niajm-e-Islami
|
49
|
0
|
0%
|
4
|
Jamaat-e-Islami
|
70
|
0
|
6%
|
5
|
Pakistan Muslim League (Convention)
|
93
|
0
|
2.8%
|
6
|
Pakistan Muslim League (Kou)
|
50
|
0
|
1.6%
|
7
|
Pakistan Muslim League (Kayum)
|
65
|
0
|
1%
|
8
|
National Awami Party (Wali)
|
39
|
0
|
1.8%
|
9
|
Independent (politician)
|
114
|
1
|
3.4%
|
Provincial Council Election, 1970
The
election was held on 17 December 1970. The percentage of casting votes was
(57.69%), and the number of reserved women seat was 10.
The summary of the Provincial Council Election, 1970 [4]
Sl.
No.
|
Political Party
|
Total
Candidates
|
Seats
Captured
|
Percentage
|
Symbol
|
1
|
Awami League
|
300
|
288
|
89%
|
Boat
|
2
|
PDP
|
-
|
2
|
1%
|
|
3
|
Niajm-e-Islami
|
-
|
1
|
-
|
|
4
|
Jamaat-e-Islami
|
-
|
1
|
3%
|
|
5
|
Pakistan Muslim League (Convention)
|
-
|
0
|
1%
|
|
6
|
Pakistan Muslim League (Kou)
|
-
|
0
|
0.05%
|
|
7
|
Pakistan Muslim League (Kayum)
|
-
|
0
|
0.05%
|
|
8
|
National Awami Party (Wali)
|
-
|
1
|
0.9%
|
|
9
|
Independent (politician)
|
-
|
7
|
5%
|
In
these elections, Sheikh Mujib emerged as an undisputed leader of the East
Pakistanis with 268 of the 279 seats in the East Pakistan Provincial Assembly
going to the Awami League.
 |
| Paki-Demon: Gen. Yahya Khan |
At this
stage, the situation reached the climax and in the face of their demand to form
the government, Yahya Khan declared the state of emergency and attacked the
East Pakistanis in Dhaka on 25 th March, 1971 under the code name "Operation Search Light"
to eliminate AL and its supporters and brutally killed around 7,000 people in a
single night and around 30,000 people in Dhaka within a week. Their systematic
slaughtering and ethnic cleansing had been carried out till 16 December, 1971.
Within
9 months' time (from March 25 to December 16, 1971), those hyenas slaughtered
around 3.0 million people and they raped around 200,000-400,000 women in the
name to protect “Islam” in Pakistan!
They
torched the villages after villages, destroyed roads, railways, buildings and
bridges unanimously. Around 10.0 million people had to take refuge in the
neighboring India.
 |
Genocide-1971: Victims of
Paki-hyenas & their dirty war |
This
incident pined the last pin on the coffin of the joint Pakistan and ignited in
the struggle of the East Pakistanis to establish their legal demand and turned
it to the independence of East Pakistan as "Bangladesh". But Bangladesh met
up the prices of the independence by the huge death of its people in the hand
of those hyenas of West Pakistani army and their collaborators
(Razakar/Al-Bador/Al-Shams, etc. - mainly from Jamat-e-Islam and Muslim League) of East Pakistan.
|
|
|
Not
only that the Bengali nation lost more than 1,000 of their most prominent and
literate persons, intellectuals, professionals and scientists in the hands of
their collaborators (Al-Bador and Al-Shams - from the 'Islamic Chhatro Sangha' / 'Islamic Students Organization', the students' wings of Jamat-e-Islam, Pakistan) under the direct supervision of
General Rao Farman Ali (a notorious butcher of West Pakistan) just 3-2 days
prior to their surrender in Bangladesh.
 |
| Rayer Bazar Martyrdom: Dead bodies of martyrs |
Now Bangladesh is liberated one and a sovereign country in the World, but the Bengali of East Bengal (Bangladesh) paid the prices for their liberation with huge deaths and pains in the hands of those hyenas of Pakistan Army and their collaborators.
______________________________________________________________________
1 Population census of Pakistan, 1961,
Vol.I, pt. i, statement 2.18, Table-5. Adapted from the book of RounaqJahan, ‘Pakistan:
failure in national integration’. Table II.7, Page: 23.
2 Population census of Pakistan, 1961, Vol.I, pt. iv,
statement 5.3.Adapted from the book of RounaqJahan, ‘Pakistan: failure in
national integration’. Page: 12.
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